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    <title>UTas ePrints - A Review of Spartina Management in Washington State, US</title>
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    <meta content="Hedge, Paul" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Kriwoken, Lorne" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Patten, Kim" name="eprints.creators_name" />
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<meta content="Integrated pest management, saltmarsh grass,
rice grass, cordgrass, coastal weeds,
Spartina" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="Management of non-native
Spartina
plants including
Spartina
alterniflora
Lois.,
Spartina anglica
C. Hubb
and
Spartina
patens
(Ait.) Muhl. in Washington State, U.S. evolved during
the 1990s from small-scale field trials to a large-scale integrated
pest management program. The development and implementation
of the program were significantly hindered by
stakeholder conflict, particularly regarding the use of herbicide
in estuarine environments. In 1995, Washington State
Department of Agriculture was appointed to manage these
invasive species. Agency coordination and strategy reviews
were undertaken. A wide range of control techniques, including
physical removal, mowing and herbicide, were established,
with all techniques demonstrating considerable
limitations. The combination of mowing and herbicide provided
the greatest efficacy but was expensive. Development
of biological control options is in progress but will take years
to prove effectiveness for
Spartina
management. Program
progress based on existing mapping and efficacy data is difficult
to gauge. This program demonstrates that
Spartina
plants are difficult and expensive to eradicate. Between 1995
and 2000, infestations increased in area by 250%, affecting
more than 8,093 ha of intertidal land. During this period, approximately
15% of the infestation was treated annually. Although
the program has evolved considerably, substantially
increasing knowledge on the management of
Spartina
, infestations
in Washington State continue to present a range of
management challenges, including the development of a
standardized and integrated mapping procedures, cost-effective
control techniques and improvements to stakeholder
management." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2003-07" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="Management of non-native
Spartina
plants including
Spartina
alterniflora
Lois.,
Spartina anglica
C. Hubb
and
Spartina
patens
(Ait.) Muhl. in Washington State, U.S. evolved during
the 1990s from small-scale field trials to a large-scale integrated
pest management program. The development and implementation
of the program were significantly hindered by
stakeholder conflict, particularly regarding the use of herbicide
in estuarine environments. In 1995, Washington State
Department of Agriculture was appointed to manage these
invasive species. Agency coordination and strategy reviews
were undertaken. A wide range of control techniques, including
physical removal, mowing and herbicide, were established,
with all techniques demonstrating considerable
limitations. The combination of mowing and herbicide provided
the greatest efficacy but was expensive. Development
of biological control options is in progress but will take years
to prove effectiveness for
Spartina
management. Program
progress based on existing mapping and efficacy data is difficult
to gauge. This program demonstrates that
Spartina
plants are difficult and expensive to eradicate. Between 1995
and 2000, infestations increased in area by 250%, affecting
more than 8,093 ha of intertidal land. During this period, approximately
15% of the infestation was treated annually. Although
the program has evolved considerably, substantially
increasing knowledge on the management of
Spartina
, infestations
in Washington State continue to present a range of
management challenges, including the development of a
standardized and integrated mapping procedures, cost-effective
control techniques and improvements to stakeholder
management." name="DC.description" />
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    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">A Review of Spartina Management in Washington State, US</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Hedge, Paul</span> and <span class="person_name">Kriwoken, Lorne</span> and <span class="person_name">Patten, Kim</span> (2003) <xhtml:em>A Review of Spartina Management in Washington State, US.</xhtml:em> Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 41 . pp. 82-90. ISSN 0146-6623</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a onmouseover="EPJS_ShowPreview( event, 'doc_preview_4000' );" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2946/1/A_review_of_Spartina_Management.pdf" onmouseout="EPJS_HidePreview( event, 'doc_preview_4000' );"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a><div class="ep_preview" id="doc_preview_4000"><table><tr><td><img alt="" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2946/thumbnails/1/preview.png" class="ep_preview_image" border="0" /><div class="ep_preview_title">Preview</div></td></tr></table></div></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2946/1/A_review_of_Spartina_Management.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Requires a PDF viewer<br />101Kb</td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://www.apms.org/japm/vol41/v41p82.pdf">http://www.apms.org/japm/vol41/v41p82.pdf</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Management of non-native&#13;
Spartina&#13;
plants including&#13;
Spartina&#13;
alterniflora&#13;
Lois.,&#13;
Spartina anglica&#13;
C. Hubb&#13;
and&#13;
Spartina&#13;
patens&#13;
(Ait.) Muhl. in Washington State, U.S. evolved during&#13;
the 1990s from small-scale field trials to a large-scale integrated&#13;
pest management program. The development and implementation&#13;
of the program were significantly hindered by&#13;
stakeholder conflict, particularly regarding the use of herbicide&#13;
in estuarine environments. In 1995, Washington State&#13;
Department of Agriculture was appointed to manage these&#13;
invasive species. Agency coordination and strategy reviews&#13;
were undertaken. A wide range of control techniques, including&#13;
physical removal, mowing and herbicide, were established,&#13;
with all techniques demonstrating considerable&#13;
limitations. The combination of mowing and herbicide provided&#13;
the greatest efficacy but was expensive. Development&#13;
of biological control options is in progress but will take years&#13;
to prove effectiveness for&#13;
Spartina&#13;
management. Program&#13;
progress based on existing mapping and efficacy data is difficult&#13;
to gauge. This program demonstrates that&#13;
Spartina&#13;
plants are difficult and expensive to eradicate. Between 1995&#13;
and 2000, infestations increased in area by 250%, affecting&#13;
more than 8,093 ha of intertidal land. During this period, approximately&#13;
15% of the infestation was treated annually. Although&#13;
the program has evolved considerably, substantially&#13;
increasing knowledge on the management of&#13;
Spartina&#13;
, infestations&#13;
in Washington State continue to present a range of&#13;
management challenges, including the development of a&#13;
standardized and integrated mapping procedures, cost-effective&#13;
control techniques and improvements to stakeholder&#13;
management.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Integrated pest management, saltmarsh grass,&#13;
rice grass, cordgrass, coastal weeds,&#13;
Spartina</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/300801.html">300000 Agricultural, Veterinary and Environmental Sciences &gt; 300800 Environmental Sciences &gt; 300801 Environmental Management and Rehabilitation</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2946</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Mr Vishnu Prahalad Nandagopalan</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">06 Feb 2008 08:02</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">06 Feb 2008 08:02</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2946;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2946">item control page</a></p>
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